Category: Python Answers

Sometimes, we want to read and write to Unicode (UTF-8) files in Python.

In this article, we’ll look at how to read and write to Unicode (UTF-8) files in Python.

How to read and write to Unicode (UTF-8) files in Python?

To read and write to Unicode (UTF-8) files in Python, we can use the io.open function.

For instance, we write

import io

f = io.open("test", mode="r", encoding="utf-8")

to call io.open with the path of the file to open, the permission mode and the encoding of the file.

We set the encoding to 'utf-8' to read the file as a Unicode file.

Conclusion

To read and write to Unicode (UTF-8) files in Python, we can use the io.open function.

Sometimes, we want to convert Python Django Model object to dict with all of the fields intact.

In this article, we’ll look at how to convert Python Django Model object to dict with all of the fields intact.

How to convert Python Django Model object to dict with all of the fields intact?

To convert Python Django Model object to dict with all of the fields intact, we can create our own custom function.

For instance, we write

from itertools import chain

def to_dict(instance):
    opts = instance._meta
    data = {}
    for f in chain(opts.concrete_fields, opts.private_fields):
        data[f.name] = f.value_from_object(instance)
    for f in opts.many_to_many:
        data[f.name] = [i.id for i in f.value_from_object(instance)]
    return data

to create the to_dict function that gets the model instance as the parameter.

In it, we loop through the concrete_fields and private_fields comnbined into one iterator with chain.

And we add the entries to the data dict after calling value_from_object with instance to get the object from the value before putting them into the dict.

And then we loop through the many_to_many items and put them many to many items into a list before we put them into the data dict.

We use value_from_object to convert the values to objects.

Finally, we return the data dict.

Conclusion

To convert Python Django Model object to dict with all of the fields intact, we can create our own custom function.

Sometimes, we want to change the font size on a matplotlib plot with Python.

In this article, we’ll look at how to change the font size on a matplotlib plot with Python.

How to change the font size on a matplotlib plot with Python?

To change the font size on a matplotlib plot with Python, we can use the matplotlib.rc method.

For instance, we write

font = {'family' : 'normal',
        'weight' : 'bold',
        'size'   : 22}

matplotlib.rc('font', **font)

to call rc with the font dict’s entries as arguments.

We use ** to unpack the entries as named arguments to set the family, weight, and size argument values.

Conclusion

To change the font size on a matplotlib plot with Python, we can use the matplotlib.rc method.

Sometimes, we want to convert canvas content to an image with Python.

In this article, we’ll look at how to convert canvas content to an image with Python.

How to convert canvas content to an image with Python?

To convert canvas content to an image with Python, we can use the PIL module’s ImageGrab method.

For instance, we write

from PIL import ImageGrab

def getter(widget):
    x=root.winfo_rootx()+widget.winfo_x()
    y=root.winfo_rooty()+widget.winfo_y()
    x1=x+widget.winfo_width()
    y1=y+widget.winfo_height()
    ImageGrab.grab().crop((x,y,x1,y1)).save("img.png")

to create the getter function that gets the coordinates of the top left and bottom right corners of the canvas we want to capture.

Then we call ImageGrab.grab().crop with the coordinates in a tuple to grab the canvas into an image.

And then we call save to save the image as a file with the given file name.

Conclusion

To convert canvas content to an image with Python, we can use the PIL module’s ImageGrab method.

Sometimes, we want to split a string of space separated numbers into integers with Python.

In this article, we’ll look at how to split a string of space separated numbers into integers with Python.

How to split a string of space separated numbers into integers with Python?

To split a string of space separated numbers into integers with Python, we can use the split method.

For instance, we write

l = "42 0".split()

to split the "42 0" string by the spaces by calling split with no argument.

A list is then returned with the split substrings inside.

Conclusion

To split a string of space separated numbers into integers with Python, we can use the split method.